Roos stress test: How to perform and interpret the EAST test
A positive Roos stress test reproduces the patient’s own symptoms within 3 minutes. Onset inside 60 seconds means more compression.
Varus stress test: Technique, grading, and when to refer
Laxity at 30° points to the LCL. Opening at 0° means the posterolateral corner is involved too. Grading and referral thresholds inside.
Kleiger’s test: Procedure, interpretation, and diagnostic accuracy
Kleiger’s test is a clinical orthopedic special test used to detect ankle syndesmosis injury (high ankle sprain) and deltoid ligament disruption. The examiner applies an external rotation force to the foot while the patient sits with the knee flexed to 90 degrees. It is one of the most widely used syndesmotic special tests. Pain over […]
Musculoskeletal nursing assessment: A complete clinical guide
A musculoskeletal nursing assessment is a systematic, hands-on evaluation of a patient’s bones, joints, muscles, and supporting structures. It identifies functional limitations, pain sources, and findings that need escalation. The American Nurses Association treats assessment as the foundation of the nursing process, and the musculoskeletal system is among the most consequential to evaluate accurately. The […]
Hoffman’s sign test: Technique, interpretation, and referral guide
Hoffman’s sign test screens for upper motor neuron lesions. Pooled sensitivity is about 58%, so symptoms and laterality decide referral.
Phelps test: How to perform and interpret results
A positive Phelps test means hip abduction increases once the knee flexes to 90 degrees, pointing at the gracilis not the adductors.
Multifidus lift test: Procedure, scoring and clinical interpretation
Multifidus lift test scoring is binary, not 0 to 5. Normal or abnormal at each level, with inter-rater kappa of 0.75 to 0.81.
Hoehn and Yahr Scale
The Hoehn and Yahr scale is an ordinal staging tool for Parkinson’s disease. It rates how far motor symptoms have progressed, from Stage 1 to Stage 5. Stage 1 means signs on one side of the body only. Stage 5 means the patient is wheelchair bound or bedridden unless aided. Margaret Hoehn and Melvin Yahr […]
Exercise motivation inventory-2 (EMI-2) template
The EMI-2 scores 14 exercise motives from 51 items. Download the template with the scoring key and how to read a client’s profile.
Valsalva test: Technique, phases, and interpretation
The valsalva test asks a patient to bear down against a closed airway, and the pressure that builds does the diagnostic work. That strain raises pressure inside the chest, the abdomen and the spinal canal at once. One fact governs all three. A positive result carries weight, but a negative one does not exclude the […]