Moberg pick-up test: How to administer, score, and interpret
The Moberg pick-up test is a timed hand assessment that measures tactile gnosis, the ability to recognize and handle small objects by touch alone. A patient picks up nine to twelve metal objects twice, once with eyes open and once with eyes closed. You record the seconds each trial takes. The eyes-closed time on the […]
Lateral hop test: Protocol, scoring and return-to-sport use
The lateral hop test is a single-leg functional test in which the patient hops sideways between two markers set 40 cm apart, for 30 seconds. The score is the number of clean hops completed on each leg. Dividing the involved limb’s count by the uninvolved limb’s count gives the limb symmetry index. A value of […]
Lateral scapular slide test: How to perform and interpret results
The lateral scapular slide test measures how far each shoulder blade sits from the thoracic spine, then compares the two sides. A side-to-side difference of 1.5 cm or more at any of the three arm positions counts as a positive result. That points to scapular dyskinesis, a movement impairment, rather than to a specific structural […]
Neck exam: A systematic clinical guide for practitioners
A neck exam is a systematic clinical assessment of the cervical structures, soft tissues, and neurological function of the neck. It runs in four phases: inspection, palpation, range of motion, then neurological and special testing. A red-flag screen comes first, because a handful of findings stop the exam before it starts. The same sequence serves […]
List the principles of exercise
If you need to list the principles of exercise, there are seven: specificity, overload, progression, adaptation, recovery, reversibility, and individual differences. Each one governs a different part of how the body responds to training stress. Miss one and the program stalls, or it hurts the patient. Physical therapists, athletic trainers, and rehabilitation specialists apply these […]
OSTRC Overuse Injury Questionnaire
The OSTRC overuse injury questionnaire is a four-item weekly tool that records how an overuse problem affects an athlete. Clarsen and colleagues at the Oslo Sports Trauma Research Centre published it in 2013 and updated it as the OSTRC-O2 in 2020. It asks about four consequences of the problem: sports participation, modified training, performance, and […]
Cholesterol medication list
A cholesterol medication list organizes all FDA-approved lipid-lowering drugs by class, mechanism, generic and brand names, and typical dosing for quick clinical reference. This guide covers 10 drug classes, from statins through to newer agents like bempedoic acid and inclisiran. Each table gives dosing ranges, indications, and side effect profiles that clinicians and care coordinators […]
Belly press test for shoulder: How to perform and interpret it
The belly press test for shoulder assessment tells you whether the subscapularis can still hold the arm in internal rotation. The patient presses a flat palm into the stomach and keeps the elbow in front of the trunk. A wrist that folds forward, or an elbow that slides back behind the trunk, is a positive […]
Moving valgus stress test: How to perform and interpret it
The moving valgus stress test checks the ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) in a thrower’s elbow, without sending the athlete straight for imaging. You apply a steady valgus load, then sweep the elbow from full flexion toward extension. Medial pain between 70 and 120 degrees of flexion is the finding that counts. Miss that arc, or […]
Gillet test: Procedure, interpretation, and reliability
The Gillet test is a standing clinical examination of sacroiliac joint (SIJ) motion, also known as the stork test. The examiner rests one thumb on the posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS) and another on the sacrum. The patient then lifts the knee on that side. A positive result is a PSIS that fails to drop […]